会议时间：2019年3月21-23日
会议地点：奥地利·格拉茨
演讲嘉宾：Qilong Luo
Nanjing Normal University, China

摘要：
Wooden musical instruments were verypopular in the Neolithic Age of China. However, wooden tube had disappearedduring the Yin and Shang periods (around 1600 BC—1046 BC) because of poortimbre, small volume and other shortcomings. Wooden bass drums were alsochanged into copper bass drums. During the Spring and Autumn and the WarringStates periods (770 BC—221 BC), snare drums were still made of wood withvarious shapes, but they were only used as the auxiliary instruments of bassdrums. Most ritual musical instruments made of wood including “Zhu（柷）” and “Yu（敔）” frequently used by people ofthe Western Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC—771 BC) and later generations. Both of them wereapplied at the beginning and end of musical performance symbolizing thecoordination of Yin（阴） and Yang（阳） and beginning and end of all the things on earth. In addition, Zhu（筑）, Guqin（古琴）, Se （瑟）and other string instruments gradually thrived during the Spring andAutumn and the Warring States periods. Zhu was made of a single wood forming aresonance chamber as a whole. The head of Zhu was a cylindrical handle whichwas later changed into a crate-form of “big head”. Se excavated from Pre-Qinand two Han Dynasties (about 21 BC—AD 220) were partly made by splicing singleboards but still focused on hacking a whole wood to make the main body. Thewood was characterized by soft material, even and fine texture. The panel of Seis slightly arched with different types of Se columns. Most Guqin were alsomade by hacking a single wood during the early Warring States period. Inaddition, Guqin was a half-box with a long tail and had not developed into afull box. To the late Warring States period, the technique of Guqin furtherdeveloped, which had a long body and a large resonance chamber inside as wellas improvement in timbre and volume. Moreover, the standard for the materialselection of soft wood for the surface and the hard wood for the bottom wasgradually adopted at that time. This standard has been used until now. Due tothe change of social culture, string instruments playing multi-tones graduallybecame the mainstream of musical instruments in the Qin and Han Dynasties (221BC—AD 220).

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