会议名称：2013 杉木文化国际研讨会
　　　　　2013 International Wood Culture Symposium on Taxodiaceae
会议时间：2013年10月26-27日
会议地点：中国湖南省长沙市·中南林业科技大学
报 告 人：佘朝文
　　　　　怀化学院教授

摘要：侗族是我国历史悠久、文化灿烂、影响深远的少数民族之一，主要分布在湖南、贵州、广西毗连的山区，在全国少数民族人口中占第10位。杉木是侗族地区最重要的用材树种，其人工林面积最大（侗族地区的五大人工林：杉木、马尾松、油茶树、油桐树、楠竹）。因材质优良、易加工、耐腐蚀、有香气，杉木被侗族人民应用到生产生活的各个领域，并且侗族对杉木的利用总是与侗族的习俗、礼仪等紧紧地粘连在一起。

　　侗族人民主要用杉木修造建筑、制作生产工具、家具和生活用具。侗族的建筑主要包括民居建筑、生活建筑、生产建筑、纪念建筑和祭祀建筑，主要用杉木建造，特别是民居建筑和生活建筑除屋顶的瓦外，几乎全部使用杉木建造，并且不用一钉一铆，由于结构严密坚固，可达数百年不朽不斜。

　　民居建筑即侗家吊脚楼，其建筑风格与侗族的生活环境和习俗密切相关，总体上保留着古越“干栏式”的“人字形”的建筑形态，呈“下小中满上尖”；典型的吊脚楼分三层，一楼关养牲畜，二楼住人，三楼做仓房和客房，底层只有落地的柱脚，二三层一般都有“吊脚”，屋梁呈“歇山式”屋脊。生活建筑丰富多样，有作为侗寨主要标志、呈“巨杉型”建筑体态（体现了侗族有关大树崇拜的观念）、供民众集会、议事、休闲与娱乐的凉庭（鼓楼）；有呈“长虹型”建筑风格、集桥、亭、廊为一体、犹如长龙、象征吉祥、作为关拦侗寨风水的屏障和供人横跨两岸及歇息的福桥（风雨桥），有风格独特、作为进出侗寨主要路口和迎宾送客重要场所的寨门，有古朴优雅的戏台、乡土风味十足的凉亭和水井建筑，还有用于织侗布、侗锦的纺车（用优质杉木制作其基座）。这些生活建筑尤其是鼓楼和风雨桥，结构独特，建造技艺高超，是侗族建筑的精华，也是世界建筑的瑰宝。

　　侗族纪念建筑中的棺木用巨杉制作，并且不使用任何钉铆，并且侗族还有栽种“寿木杉”的习俗。在祭祀建筑中，“萨岁”祭祀用的“撒岁坛”的萨屋、英雄崇拜祭祀用的庙、阁、殿（如杨公庙、孔夫庙、文昌阁等）都是以粗大杉木为材料建造。生产建筑中的水车、龙骨车的大部分也采用了杉木制作。侗族用杉木制作的生产工具主要有犁、扮桶、旋转式扬谷扇车等，用于水稻的种植和收获。侗族用杉木制作各种家具和许多生活用具，包括桌、凳、柜、床及各种用途的桶、盆，并有栽种“女儿杉”的习俗。总之，杉木是侗族的“万能之材”，侗族人民在利用杉木的同时，创造了灿烂的民族文化和艺术。

关键词：杉木利用、侗族文化

Abstract: The Dong nationality, one of the main minority nationalities in China with the tenthlargest population among the minority nationalities of this country, has a long history, splendid culture, and far-reaching impact. They mainly live across the mountain areas of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi  provinces. Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is the most leading  timber species in the Dong districts with the largest plantation area. Because of its excellent material,easy to machining, corrosion resistance and aroma, Chinese fir has been applied to various fields of production and life in the Dong area, and the application of Chinese fir in the Dong area is always tightly linked with the custom and etiquette. The Dong people mainly use Chinese fir to construct buildings and manufacture production tools, furniture and supplies.

The Dongs’buildings include residential buildings, living buildings, production buildings, memorial buildings and worship buildings, all parts of which, except the roof tiles, are made of Chinese fir and are free from using any nails and rivets. Due to their tight and solid structure, these buildings are able to stand well for hundreds of years. The particular residential building of Dong people is Diaojiaolou (a building supported with poles), whose architectural style is closely related to the natural environment and the traditional customs and generally retains the architectural features of the ancient times of  Yue: herringbone architecture with dry column type. A typical Diaojiaolou consists of three floors: the first floor for raising livestock, the second floor for people’s living and the third floor for warehouse and guest rooms. The first floor has only supporting poles, while the second and third floors generally have suspended corridors with Xieshan-style ridges.

The Dongs’ living buildings are rich in varieties. As a symbol of Dong village, the cool chamber (Gulou) is of "giant-fir style” architecture, embodying Dong the concept of tall-tree worship, and a public place for gatherings, meeting, leisure and entertainment. The Fengyu Bridge (a bridge proofing against wind  and rain) usually consists of pavilions  and corridors, looking like a dragon with auspicious meaning, and is used as a protective screen for keeping Fengshui of the Dong village and a rest place for the villagers as well as a bridge for their going across a small river or a stream. There is a unique gate in the front of every Dong village. It is not only an entrance or an exit of the village, but also an important place for greeting guests. In addition, in a typical Dong village, there is also a theatrical stage of ancient style, some drum buildings full of local flavor with spinning wheels for weaving cotton cloth. These buildings, especially the drum building and the Fengyu Bridg, have unique structure and exquisite workmanship, so they are the essence of the Dong buildings and architecture treasureof the world. In addition, the coffins in the memorial building are also made of huge fir withoutusing any nails and rivets, and the Dong people have a custom of planting “funeral” fir, a fir growing up to be big enough to make a coffin. What’s more, all the worship buildings, such as houses of altar for Sashui sacrifice, temples, pavilions and halls, are made of large fir timbers too.

The production buildings, waterwheels and dragon-bone water lifts are also partially made of Chinese fir. The farm tools made of fir include plow, beating barrel and Winnow winnower. Also, the Dong people use Chinese fir to manufacture various furniture and appliances including table, long stool, square stool, high cabinet, low cabinet, desk, bed and various buckets and pots, and they have a custom of “planting fir for a daughter”.

个人简介：
　　佘朝文，博士、教授。1985年7月于湖南师范大学生物专业本科毕业，1990年9月至1991年6月在复旦大学生命科学学院修完遗传学专业硕士研究生课程，2005年6月于武汉大学遗传学专业博士毕业并获理学博士学位。历任怀化学院（原怀化师专）生物系副主任、主任、教务处长、人事处长、院长助理等职，现任怀化学院副院长。2002年8月晋升授职称。现为中央联系的高级专家、湖南省青年骨干教师、湖南师范大学和湖南农业大学硕士研究生导师、民族药用植物资源研究与利用湖南省重点实验室主任、植物学省级重点建设学科的学科带头人、遗传学校级重点建设学科负责人、湖南省自然科学基金项目评审专家、中国民族医药学会理事、中国遗传学会和中国植物学会会员、湖南省植物学会常务理事。2006年被评为怀化市科技拔尖人才，2008年获怀化学院教学名师称号。

　　现主要从事植物遗传学、药用植物资源学、民族植物学研究工作。先后主持湖南省科技计划重点项目2项、湖南省自然科学基金项目1项、湖南省高校科技创新平台开放基金项目1项、湖南省教育厅科研基金项目2项、怀化市科研项目3项，参与国家自然科学基金项目1项；已累计发表学术论文90余篇，其中SCI论文11篇、国内核心期刊论文45余篇；获国家自然科学二等奖1项（排名第4）、省部级科研成果三等奖2项、湖南省教学成果一、二等奖各1项。

Mr. She Chaowen: Ph. D, professor, Dong nationality, born in 1964. He graduated from Hunan Normal University majoring in Biology Science in 1985. From September 1990 to June 1991 he completed genetics postgraduate courses in the School of Life Science of Fudan University. In June 2005 he earned his doctorate in genetics from Wuhan University. He respectively held the posts of the dean of the Department of Biology, director of the Office of Academic Affairs and of the Personnel  Division, and assistant president  of  Huaihua University (formerly Huaihua Teachers’ College) and is the incumbent vice president of this university. He is a senior expert contacted by the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, a youth backbone teacher of Hunan Province, a supervisor   of graduate student of Hunan Normal University and Hunan Agricultural University, the chief of Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization  of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, an academic leader of Botany provincial key construction discipline, an expert for evaluating projects of Natural Science Funds of Hunan Province, a member of the council of China Medical Association of Minorities, a member of both Genetics Society of China and Botany Society of China, and an executive director of Botany Society of Hunan Province. He was chosen as a superior sci-tech talent of Huaihua City in 2006 and a famous teacher of Huaihua University in 2008.

He is mainly engaged in the  research  of plant genetics, medicinal plant resources and ethnobotany, and has been in charge of two key projects of Hunan Sci-tech Plan, one project of Hunan Natural Science Funds, one project of Hunan Sci-tech Innovation Platform of High Education, two projects of Hunan Education Department, three projects of Huaihua City Sci-techPlan, and has participated in one project of the National Natural Science Funds. Up to now, he has published more than 90 papers (including 11 SCI papers and 45 domestic core journalpapers) and won one State Natural Science Award (the second prize, the fourth author), two provincial or ministerial result prizes and two provincial teaching achievement awards.